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earth materials introduction to mineralogy and petrology

Questions and Answers of Earth Materials Introduction To Mineralogy And Petrology

Give the names for three different polymorphic processes.
What is meant by the term polymorph?
Some screw axis pairs are referred to as enantiomorphous. What is meant by that? Give an example of such a pair.
Pure translation is described by the first letter entry in a space group notation. Give some examples of this purely translational element.
What are the three new elements (or operations) encountered in space groups and what are their notations that were not seen in point groups?
What are the three different twin types?
What is the definition of a twinned crystal?
Give an example of a point group (crystal class) notation, using the Hermann-Mauguin system, for an orthorhombic crystal.
How many crystal classes are there in total, and how many were systematically described in this text.
What is meant by the term crystal class (or point group)?
Why is a stereogram such a useful illustration?
How does one arrive at the stereogram of a morphological crystal? Explain the process.
What is meant by a stereogram?
What is meant by the term general form? Give an example of its Miller index.
What is the definition of form?
What is meant by Miller index, or Miller-Bravais index? Explain why these two index systems differ.
The concept of crystal axes is basic to the evaluation of the position of a specific crystal face on a morphological crystal. Why is this so?
In the isometric system all three crystal axes are of equal lengths. In the orthorhombic crystal system the axes are all of unequal lengths. Explain what determines the difference in crystal axis
In the evaluation of the symmetry content of a morphological crystal, you can make a list of all of the symmetry elements or you can use an internationally accepted shorthand notation. Which of these
Give a short definition of a mirror, rotation axis, center of symmetry, and rotoinversion axis.
What is meant by omission solid solution?
What is meant by interstitial solid solution?
Why does an increase in temperature of a solid (a mineral) allow for increased atomic substitution by various elements (or ions)?
What is meant by coupled substitution?
What are two basic parameters that allow for ease of atomic substitution of one ion for another?
What silicate mineral group has weak structures due to van der Waals bonding?
What is the role of electrons in metallic bonding, where there is malleability and high electrical conductivity?
What happens to electrons in an ionic bond?
What happens to electrons in a covalent bond?
What electrons, in the nuclear structure of elements, are of prime importance in chemical bonding?
In the structures of what mineral group do mesodesmic bonds occur?
What is meant by the term mesodesmic?
Why do tetrahedra consisting of (SiO4) only share corners, not edges, or faces?
What is meant by closest packing?
What is the strength of the bonds that surround a central Fe2+ in octahedral coordination with oxygen?
How is bond strength defined?
Why is oxygen the first element listed in Table 4.2? Give two reasons.Table 4.2 Atomic
What is a mineral, and why is it important to specify naturally occurring?
What are the main types of plate boundaries, and what types of rock might be formed there?
What two important layers in the Earth are responsible for plate tectonics?
What are the major divisions of the Earth?
What caused the Earth to be so hot early in its history that its outer part would have been molten?
What is a chondrule, and why do we use the composition of chondritic meteorites to determine the composition of the Earth?
Why are the terrestrial inner planets small compared with the outer gas giant planets?
Where were most of Earth’s chemical elements formed?
What is meant by the oil window?

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