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introductory chemistry atoms first

Questions and Answers of Introductory Chemistry Atoms First

Fill in the blanks.Chemists will often say that a covalent bond is two electrons shared between two atoms. Technically, this is not correct. They should really say “A covalent bond is
Why does the sharing of two electrons between two atoms bond the atoms to each other?
In terms of energy, why is an H2 molecule more stable than two isolated H atoms?
In terms of interaction between the atoms, why is an H2 molecule more stable than two isolated H atoms?
The bond distance in an H2 molecule is 0.74 Å. Why isn’t it shorter than this? Why isn’t it longer than this
Is energy released or absorbed when a covalent bond forms between two atoms?
Why are an atom’s valence electrons the only electrons involved in bonding?
Suppose one of the electrons from the covalent bond in H2 suddenly vanished. Why would the bond between the atoms weaken?
A student decides to boil water to produce hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Will this work? Explain your answer.
What do we mean by “double-counting” when it comes to counting the electrons around an atom in a molecule?
What is the accepted shortcut for drawing a shared pair of electrons (a covalent bond) in a molecular drawing?
A student draws the following dot diagrams for N, O, and f. What, if anything, is wrong with each? •N• :Ö •F:
How many electrons does an atom gain for each covalent bond that it forms in a molecule?
For any representative element, what is the relationship between the element’s Romannumeral group number and the number of dots in the Lewis dot diagram?
Draw dot diagrams for the following atoms:(a) S (b) I (c) He (d) B (e) Ne
Chlorine (Cl), neon (Ne), and helium (He) all exist as gases, but only one of them is diatomic. Which is it, and why is it diatomic while the others are monatomic?
Valence electrons in an isolated atom can exist in either of two ways. What are they?
Why isn’t the formula for water HO?
Hydrogen (H) and sulfur (S) form the toxic compound hydrogen sulfide, a gas that smells like rotten eggs and is spewed from volcanoes. Predict the formula of hydrogen sulfide starting with dot
Phosphorus (P) and bromine (Br) form a compound. Predict the formula of this compound starting with dot diagrams for the atoms.
Nitrogen (N) forms a compound with bromine (Br) similar to that in Problem 5.76. How is it similar? Explain why this is so.Data from Problem 5.76Phosphorus (P) and bromine (Br) form a compound.
Ethers are compounds of C, H, and O that are often used as solvents. One particular ether molecule has the formula C2H6O. The structure is such that both carbons are attached to the oxygen atom, and
Ethanol, the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, has the same formula as the ether of Problem 5.78. However, it has a different structure, in which only one carbon atom is bound to the oxygen atom.
The molecule HCl is known, but the molecule HeCl is not. Explain why this is so.
The valence electrons in a helium atom are paired, but suppose they were not. Postulate what might form if oxygen atoms reacted with helium atoms that had their valence electrons unpaired.
Oxygen, in almost all of its compounds, forms two bonds. Explain why this is so.
How many bonds will an atom from group VA generally form? Explain why this is so.
Draw a dot diagram for ethylene, C2H4.
Is the bond between the carbon atoms in the ethylene molecule of Problem 5.84 stronger or weaker than the bond in acetylene, C2H2? Explain fully.Data from Problem 5.84Draw a dot diagram for ethylene,
Explain what is meant by resonance forms.
Draw a dot diagram for the molecule SO2, sulfur dioxide, a gas that comes from burning coal and is responsible for acid rain.
Draw a dot diagram for the molecule O3, ozone, the molecule in our upper atmosphere that protects us from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation.
Should there be any similarities between the dot diagrams of Problems 5.87 and 5.88? Explain your answer.Data from Problem 5.87Draw a dot diagram for the molecule SO2, sulfur dioxide, a gas that
A student claims that the bonds in ozone are really not double bonds or single bonds but somewhere between (roughly 1.5 bonds between each oxygen). Justify this statement.
Experiments show that it takes more energy to break the bond between oxygen atoms in the O2 molecule than in the O3 molecule. How can you explain this?
Is anything wrong with the following dot diagram for carbon monoxide (CO)? If so, explain what it is and fix it.
Is anything wrong with the following dot diagram for acetone (C3H6O)? If so, then fix it. Η :Ο: Η TI H=C=C=C-H Η Η
How many covalent bonds do you think would form between the phosphorus atoms in the molecule P2? Explain your answer and draw a dot diagram.
Draw a dot diagram for the nitrate (NO3–) ion.
Acetaldehyde has the formula C2H4O. Draw a dot diagram for it given the following atomic connections. Η H C 0- C Η Η
Draw a dot diagram for the hypothetical O22+ ion.
Acetic acid, a major component of vinegar, has the formula C2H4O2. Draw a dot diagram for it given the following atomic connections. Η H C Ο C Η 0-H
The acetate ion has the formula C2H3O2–. Draw a dot diagram for it given the following atomic connections. H Η 0-6 Ο C Η
Draw a dot diagram for perchloric acid, HClO4. The chlorine is the central atom to which all the oxygens are attached, and the hydrogen is attached to one of the oxygens.
Consider benzene, a pleasant-smelling but carcinogenic (cancer-causing) liquid. Benzene molecules have the formula C6H6, with the atoms connected as shown. Complete the dot diagram for this molecule
Draw a dot diagram for the NO2+ cation.
How many valence electrons are present on each carbon atom and each hydrogen atom in the benzene molecule of Problem 5.102?Data from Problem 5.102Consider benzene, a pleasant-smelling but
Hydrogen isothiocyanate has formula HNCS, and its atoms are connected in the order written. Draw dot diagrams showing all the valid resonance forms.
There is one very important word missing from the following definition of electronegativity. What is it? “Electronegativity is an indication of an atom’s ability to attract electrons to itself.”
Why did we call the elements N, O, Cl, and F electron “hogs”?
What is the most electronegative element in the periodic table? What is the least electronegative element? What kind of compound would form if these two elements were brought together?
How do the categories metal and nonmetal relate to electronegativity?
What are the trends for electronegativity in the periodic table:(a) Down a group?(b) Across a period from left to right?(c) Going from the bottom left corner to the upper right corner?
What are the guidelines for using electronegativity to predict which type of bond forms between two atoms?
How does a polar covalent bond differ from a covalent bond? Give examples of diatomic molecules that contain a polar covalent bond and of diatomic molecules that contain a covalent bond.
Would you classify the C—H bonds in ethane (C2H6) as covalent, polar covalent, or ionic? Explain.
Lithium is a metallic element. Consider the hypothetical species dilithium, Li2. Predict whether the bonding in such a species would be covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. Explain fully.
Which molecule has bonds that are the most polar covalent?(a) H2 (b) CO (c) H2S (d) H2O
In the following molecule, atoms X and Y are from the same period, meaning they are approximately the same size. The difference in the size of the spheres indicates a difference in the amount of time
Chemists sometimes think of molecules with polar covalent bonds as being part covalent and part ionic. How can a bond be both covalent and ionic?
In the following molecule AB, one of the atoms is more electronegative than the other. Which is more electronegative, and how do you know? 8 - 8+ A-B
How would you change the electronegativities of the atoms at either end of a polar covalent bond to make the bond ionic? To make the bond covalent?
Without knowing the electronegativity values, in what situation can you be absolutely sure that the bonding between two atoms will be purely covalent?
Classify the bonds in each of the following as ionic, covalent, or polar covalent. Explain each choice.(a) Br2 (b) PCl3 (c) LiCl (d) ClF (e) MgCl2
What is a binary compound? Is atmospheric oxygen an example of a binary compound?
What does the suffix -ide mean, and which element in the name of a binary ionic compound gets it?
Which element in a binary covalent compound gets the suffix -ide? Why?
Any ionic compound has an overall charge of zero. How does this fact help to determine its formula?
Consider the two binary compounds Al2O3 and N2O3.(a) Which is a binary ionic compound and which is a binary covalent compound? Explain.(b) Al2O3 is properly named aluminum oxide, but N2O3 is named
Give the proper name for the following binary ionic compounds:(a) Ca3N2 (b) AlF3 (c) Na2O (d) CaS
Give the formulas of the following binary ionic compounds:(a) Calcium bromide (b) Sodium sulfide (c) Potassium nitride (d) Lithium oxide
What “monkey wrench” do transition metals throw into the picture when naming binary compounds? What do we include in the nomenclature system to accommodate them?
Give the name of the following binary compounds of transition metals using both the modern and older systems:(a) CuCl and CuCl2(b) Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3
Give the proper name for the following compounds:(a) Na2SO4 (b) (NH4)3PO4(c) KClO (d) CaCO3(e) Al(NO3)3
Give the formulas for the following compounds:(a) Ammonium acetate(b) Ammonium carbonate(c) Iron(II) nitrate(d) Ferric hydroxide(e) Calcium hypochlorite
Give the proper name for the following binary covalent compounds:(a) PCl3 (b) SO2 (c) N2O4 (d) P5O10
Consider the sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, nitrite, chlorate, and chlorite ions. What information do the -ate and -ite suffixes communicate?
A polyatomic ion not listed in Table 5.5 is iodate, IO3–. What is the formula for the periodate ion, and what is the formula for magnesium periodate? Table 5.5 Some Common Polyatomic Ions Ion
The oxide ion is O2–. How does this ion differ from the peroxide ion, O22–? Draw dot diagrams for both.
Students commonly confuse ammonia with ammonium.(a) Write the formula and draw dot diagrams for both species, and describe the difference between them.(b) Based on your answer to (a), write the
A student writes the formula for magnesium hydroxide as MgOH2. What is wrong with that formula? How should the student fix it?
A compound consisting of one oxygen atom and two nitrogen atoms is written N2O and is called dinitrogen monoxide. It is not written as ON2, and it is not called oxygen dinitride. Explain why.
N2O is called dinitrogen monoxide, whereas, Na2O is called sodium oxide, not disodium oxide. Explain why, and also explain how the name sodium oxide still lets us know that there are two sodium atoms
Many acids can be thought of as anions that have an H+ ion attached to them. Fill in the following table: Anion Acid Anion name F™ NO3 CI™ C₂H₂O2 NO₂ formula Acid name
When naming acids, when do you use the -ic suffix and when do you use the -ous suffix?
What is the name of the polyatomic ion NO3–? What are the names of the acids HNO3 and HNO2?
Acetic acid, sulfurous acid, and phosphoric acid can each be thought of as an anion with one or more H+ ions attached. For each acid, how many H+ ions have been attached to the anion?
Give the molecular formula for hypochlorous acid and perchloric acid.
What is wrong with the name hypochloric acid?
What is an ionic bond? How does it differ from a covalent bond, and how is it similar to a covalent bond?
Draw dot diagrams for Cl2 and for MgCl2 (put Mg in the middle) that agree with the type of bonding occurring in each. (That is, show electrons as being shared or transferred, and if they are
What is a shortcut rule for determining the number of covalent bonds a representative element from group IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, or VIIIA can form?
What is incorrect about this statement? “Electron–electron electrostatic forces hold molecules together.”
Why are the noble gases monatomic?
How many lone pairs of electrons are on the P atom of PCl3?
Which is the correct Lewis dot diagram for carbonyl fluoride, COF2? What is wrong with the other two? :Ö: (a) :F-C-F: (b) :F-C- :C: (c) :F-O-F: :O: || :F-C-F:
Which one of these four molecules contains a triple bond: F2, O3, HCN, or H2CO?
Which is the correct Lewis dot diagram for N2H2? What is wrong with the other two? (a) H-N-N-H (b) H-N=N-H (c) H N N-H
Complete the dot diagram for this molecule to determine (a) How many double bonds it has(b) How many lone pairs of electrons it has. 0 0 II H-0-c-С-Н
Draw dot diagrams for all resonance forms of the NCO– ion.

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