Assume that the banking system initially has no excess reserves and that the reserve requirement is 10 percent. Also assume that velocity is constant and that the economy initially is operating at its full-employment real output.

a. What is the level of nominal GDP in year 1?

b. Suppose the Fed adheres to a monetary rule through open-market operations. What amount of U.S.

securities will it have to sell to, or buy from, banks or the public between years 1 and 2 to meet its monetary rule?