23. According to the U.S Department of Justice, in 1994 the incarceration rate in the nation's prsons was 646 per 100.000 male residents. 45 per 100,000 female residents, 1471 per 100,000 black residents, and 207 per 100,000 white residents (Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Prisoners in 1994).

a) Find the odds ratio between gender and whether incarcerated Interpret.

b) Find the odds ratio between race and whether incarcerated. Interpret.

c) According to the odds ratio. which has the stronger association with whether incarcer ated, gender or race?