8. In murder inals in 20 Florida counties during 1976 and 1977, the death penalty was given in 19 out of 151 cases in which a white killed a white, in 0 out of 9 cases in which a white killed a black. in 11 out of 63 cases in which a black killed a white, and in 6 out of 103 cases in which a black killed a black (M Radelet, American Sociological Review, Vol. 46. 1981. pp. 918-927).

a) Construct partial tables to study the association between defendant's race and the death penalty verdict, controlling for victim's race.

b) Describe the association in the partial tables, using the difference of proportions on the odds ratio.

c) Construct the bivariate table, ignoring rather than controlling victin's race. Describe the association, and compare to

(b)

d) Simpson's paradox states that the associations in partial tables can all have a different direction than the association in the bivariate table. Show that these data satisfy Simpson's paradox.