According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2014 the incarceration rate in the nation’s prisons was 904 per 100,000 male residents, 65 per 100,000 female residents, 2805 per 100,000 black residents, and 466 per 100,000 white residents. (Source: www.bjs.gov.)

(a) Find the odds ratio between whether incarcerated and

(i) gender, (ii) race. Interpret.

(b) According to the odds ratio, which has the stronger association with whether incarcerated, gender or race? Explain.