In a survey of senior high school students inDayton, Ohio, 1449 students had used both alcohol and cigarettes, 281 had used neither, 500 had used alcohol but not cigarettes, and 46 had used cigarettes but not alcohol.

(a) Construct the 2 × 2 table relating alcohol use to cigarette use. Describe the strength of association using the difference between (i) users and nonusers of alcohol in the proportions who have used cigarettes, (ii) users and nonusers of cigarettes in the proportions who have used alcohol. Interpret.

(b) Describe the strength of association using the odds ratio.
Interpret. Does the odds ratio value depend on your choice of response variable?