Jones and Smith separately conduct studies to test H0: = 500 against H0: = 500,

Jones and Smith separately conduct studies to test H0: μ = 500 against H0: μ = 500, each with n = 1000.

Jones gets ¯y = 519.5, with se = 10.0.

Smith gets ¯y = 519.7, with se = 10.0.

(a) Show that t = 1.95 and P-value = 0.051 for Jones.

Show that t = 1.97 and P-value = 0.049 for Smith.

(b) Using α = 0.050, for each study indicate whether the result is “statistically significant.”

(c) Using this example, explain the misleading aspects of reporting the result of a test as “P ≤ 0.05” versus “P >

0.05,” or as “rejectH0” versus “Do not rejectH0,” without reporting the actual P-value.