Suppose you are only interested in the effects of X and Y on Z; you are not

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Suppose you are only interested in the effects of X and Y on Z; you are not interested in the effect of X on Y . You are willing to assume the response schedule (18), with IID errors i, independent of the Xi’s and Yi’s. How would you estimate

c, d, e? Do the estimates have a causal interpretation? Why?

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