You may have heard that texting while driving can increase the time taken for you to react to avoid an accident. In order to test this, a university set up a driving simulator where 13 participants were asked to drive without texting and then asked to drive while texting. Three random accidents were programmed in the simulator and the time taken for the driver to react to each accident was recorded. The total reaction time (in seconds) that taken to potentially avoid the three different accidents are given in Table 5.11, where a lower score reflects a greater chance of avoiding an accident. Does texting while driving increase the time taken to react to an accident? Clearly state the null and alternative hypotheses, calculate any relevant statistics, and clearly label the appropriate sampling distribution. If an effect is found, provide a clear and concise interpretation of the effect.

Table 5.11

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Time (in Seconds) to React to a Set of Simulated Accidents Without Texting, While Texting, and the Difference Difference (Without Texting - While Without Texting 15 8 5 While Texting Texting) 17 12 7 13 12 5 11 11 17 9 16 11 15 9 6 4 15 -11 TE 3 14 10 13 16 4 -3 3 8 -5 34