11.26 Smoking and alcohol The table refers to a survey of senior high school students in Dayton, Ohio. It cross-tabulates whether a student had ever smoked cigarettes and whether a student had ever drunk alcohol and shows counts and the conditional distributions of alcohol use.

a. Describe the strength of association by using the difference between users and nonusers of cigarettes in the proportions who have used alcohol. Interpret.

b. Describe the strength of association by using the relative risk of using alcohol, comparing those who have used or not used cigarettes. Interpret.

c. Find the odds of having used alcohol for users and nonusers of cigarettes. Interpret each. Then, describe the strength of association, using the odds ratio.

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Cigarettes Yes No Yes Alcohol No Total 1449 (97%) 46 (3%) 1495 (100%) 500 (64%) 281 (36%) 781 (100%)