Charisma of top-level leaders. Refer to the Academy of Management Journal (August 2015) study of the charisma of top business leaders, Exercise 11.28 (p. 643). Recall that researchers collected data on 24 US presidential elections from 1916 to 2008. Two variables of interest were Democratic vote share (measured as the percentage of voters who voted for the Democratic candidate in the national election) and the difference between the Democratic and Republican candidates’ charisma values (both measured on a 150-point scale). These data are reproduced in the accompanying table Year Vote Share Charisma Difference 1916 51.68 -6.0 1920 36.15 -60.0 192441.7418.0 1928 41.24 4.0 1932 59.15 -22.0 1936 62.23 -14.5 1940 54.98 -7.5 194453.78-10.0 1948 52.32 -10.5 1952 44.71 2.0 1956 42.91 0.0 1960 50.09 -34.5 1964 61.20 -29.0 1968 49.43 -20.5 1972 38.21 -6.0 1976 51.05 14.0 1980 44.84 -12.0 1984 40.88 -42.0 1988 46.17 -34.0 1992 53.62 18.5 1996 54.74 -16.5 2000 50.26 -2.5 2004 48.77 48.5 2008 53.69 13.5 Source: P. Jacquart and J. Antonakis, “When Does Charisma Matter for Top-Level Leaders? Effect of Attributional Ambiguity,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 58, No. 4, August 2015 (Table 1)

a. Rank the Democratic vote share values.

b. Rank the charisma difference values.

c. Compute the differences in the ranks, part

b. d. Use the results, part

c, to find Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between Democratic vote share and charisma difference.