Consumers’ attitudes toward advertising. The two most common marketing tools used for product advertising are ads on television and ads in a print magazine. Consumers’ attitudes toward television and magazine advertising were investigated in the Journal of Advertising (Vol. 42, 2013). In one experiment, each in a sample of 159 college students was asked to rate both the television and the magazine marketing tool on a scale of 1 to 7 points according to whether the tool was a good example of advertising, a typical form of advertising, and a representative form of advertising. Summary statistics for these “typicality” scores are provided in the next table. One objective is to compare the mean ratings of TV and magazine advertisements.

a. The researchers analyzed the data using a pairedsamples t-test. Explain why this is the most valid method of analysis. Give the null and alternative hypotheses for the test.

b. The researchers reported a paired t-value of