Ingratiation is defined as a class of strategic behaviors designed to make others believe in the attractiveness of one's personal qualities. In organizational settings, individuals use such behaviors to influence superiors in order to attain personal goals. An index that measures ingratiatory behavior, called the Measure of Tnrrratiatorv Behaviors in Organizational u "

Settings (MIBOS) Index, was applied independently to a sample of managers employed by four manufacturing companies in the southeastern United States and to clerical personnel from a large university in the northwestern United States (Journal of Applied Psychology, Dec. 1998). Scores are reported on a five-point scale with higher scores indicating more extensive ingratiatory behavior. Summary statistics are show in the table.

Managers Clerical Personnel .......................................................................................

n1 = 288 - n, = 110 - xl = 2.41 x2 = 1.90 Sl = .74 s, = .59 Source: Harrison, Allison W., Hochwarter, Wayne A., Perrewe, Pamela L, and Ralston, David A., "The Ingratiation Construct: An Assessment of the Validity of the Measure of Ingratiatory Behaviors in Organization Settings (MIBOS).".lournal ofApplied Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 6, Dec. 1998, pp. 932-943.

a. Specify the null and alternative hypotheses you would use to test for a difference in ingratiatory behavior between managers and clerical personnel.

b. Conduct the test of part a using a = .05. Interpret the results of the test in the context of the problem.

c. Construct a 95% confidence interval for (p, - p'J and interpret the result. Your conclusion should agree with your answer in part b.