2.8 Table 2.7 gives data on research and development

(R&D) expenditures (in millions of dollars)

by industry and universities (U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2008). Because there are other sources of funds, such as Federal government and nonprofit organizations not included in the table, the industry and university numbers do not add to the total.

a Construct time series plots of R&D expenditures for industries and universities.

b Compare and comment on any trends observed.

c Compute R&D expenditures by other sources. Plot the data and compare the trends to the trends observed in the industry and university expenditures.