In a study of the effects of type of study on exam performance, participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In one condition, participants study in a traditional manner—alone using notes they took during class lectures. In a second condition, participants study in interactive groups with notes from class lectures. The amount of time spent studying is held constant. All students then take the same exam on the material.

a. What is the independent variable in this study?

b. What is the dependent variable in this study?

c. Identify the control and experimental groups in this study.

d. Is the independent variable manipulated, or is it a participant variable?