Coachella has been a popular summer music festival in the United States since it started in 1999. When Beyoncé headlined the festival in 2018, she became the first black woman headliner. Table 3.19 lists the race and gender of each artist who performed as an individual headlining act at Coachella since 1999.

a. Use this information to create a cross-tabulation of the race and gender of Coachella headliners. Put gender on the columns and race on the rows.
Include column percentages, total percentages, and frequencies in the cells. Be sure to include marginal frequencies and percentages in the last column of the table. Properly label all columns and rows, and give the table an appropriate title.

b. What does the total percentage in the cell for white men mean? What does the column percentage in that cell mean?

c. Use the table’s total percentages to identify the groups that have been most often and least often represented among headliners at Coachella.

d. Has representation of black performers relative to white performers been higher among men or women headlining the festival?

e. Can you assess the strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables shown in the cross-tabulation? Explain your answer.

f. Imagine that Coachella had only one individual headliner the following year, a black woman. Recalculate the column percentages for each cell in the table that you made with the addition of this performer.
g. How has the addition of this performer changed the strength of the relationship between race and gender among Coachella’s headliners?
h. What does the addition of this single case to the group of headliners tell us about how sample size can influence cross-tabulation?