Collecting a urine sample in young non-toilet trained children can be challenging. The standard method is a urine collection bag device, but this is uncomfortable and can be contaminated. Farrell et al (2002) compare the bag, with the use of an absorbent sanitary pad. They studied 20 children and used the methods concurrently and their results are summarised in Table 11.6.

Find Cohen’s kappa and interpret.

Table 11.6 Presence or absence of bacteria in bags or pads for urinary incontinence Pad Bag Total Bacteria present Bacteria absent Bacteria present 2 0 2 Bacteria absent 3 15 18 Total 5 15 20 11.8 EXERCISES 215