For each part below, identify the independent variable, dependent variable, and control variable. Also, specify what kind of control variable is described.

a. A study examines the effect of the diversity of collaborative teams on the creativity of the teams’ ideas. It finds that diversity is positively related to creativity only when trust is high among members of the team.

b. Data show that boys in a California high school are 20 percentage points more likely than girls in the school to be suspended from school. After accounting for gender differences in the frequency of physical altercations, boys are only about 5 percentage points more likely to be suspended.

c. A study finds that people who ski tend to be more politically liberal than people who don’t ski. Controlling for the region of the United States where people live, skiing no longer affects political views.