Table 12.21 shows the observed (top) and expected (bottom) frequencies for each cell of the cross-tabulation from Problem 4.

a. Use the information in Table 12.21 to calculate the standardized residual for each cell in the body of the table.

b. Explain why some of the residuals are positive and some are negative.

c. Do the standardized residuals lend support to the policy analyst’s claim from Part d of Problem 4 that “North America is statistically significantly more accepting of measures to support illegal immigrants than Africa, Asia, or Europe”?