Many organizations have specialists who concentrate on inventory control, quality control, and production control. These types of control systems are not usually under the direct authority of most departmental supervisors but are handled by staff specialists. Other managerial concepts, techniques, and approaches used by departmental supervisors contain aspects of the controlling function. Among these are MBO, standing plans, discipline maintenance, and the employee performance appraisal. Thus, controlling is intimately interrelated with all other managerial functions.? K-526