Which type of bias does each of the following situations illustrate?

a. Anne Compton is a new supervisor. To make sure that her employees and her manager take her judgments seriously, she gives each of her employees a lower rating than the previous supervisor did.

b. Ron is late in completing Noreen’s written performance appraisal. To finish it as quickly as possible, he looks it over and adds some negative ratings to an overall positive review so that it looks balanced.

c. Renee really likes her new employee, Joan. Recently, Joan and her family moved to the same town in which Renee lives; their children attend the same school; Renee and Joan even enjoy lunchtime shopping together. When it comes time for Joan’s performance review, Renee rates Joan high in every category.