Which type or types of power is the supervisor exerting in each of the following situations?

a. A sales supervisor promises a $50 bonus to the first salesperson to close a sale this week.

b. One day a month, a supervisor orders in for pizza and joins her employees for lunch. The employees look forward to these gatherings because the supervisor joins them in recounting funny stories, and she usually is able to fill them in on some management plans.

c. The supervisor in the bookkeeping department got his job thanks to a referral from his father, who regularly plays racquetball with the company’s president. Since the supervisor was hired, the president has visited the bookkeeping department a couple of times to see how he is doing. The manager of the department is very diplomatic in his criticism of the supervisor.

d. When the employees in a word-processing department make many errors per page or a particularly glaring error, their supervisor posts the offending pages on the department bulletin board to shame the employees into performing better.