Presented below are three economic events. Create a table with rows (a), (b), and (c), and columns for assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity. In each column, indicate whether the event increased (+), decreased (−), or had no effect (NE) on assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity.

a. Stockholders invested cash in the business for common stock.

b. Paid a cash dividend.

c. Received cash from a customer who had previously been billed for services performed.

Classify items affecting stockholders’ equity.