Latency of an asynchronous counter Let us consider a 16-bit asynchronous counter which counts pulses corning on the input land gives the result on the output 0 with a natural 4-

bit binary code

(a,

b, c, d). A stuck-at '0' of the variable a occurs while the counter is in the initial state (0, 0, 0, 0). Hence, the counter will now evolve with constrained configurations (0,

b, c, d).

Determine the average latency of this fault for a 2ms average-time between input pulses.