The acid/alkaline balance of a fluid is measured by the pH scale. The scale runs from 0 (extremely acid) to 14

(extremely alkaline,) with pH 7 being neutral. A pH electrode is a sensor that produces a small voltage that is directly proportional to the pH of the fluid in a test chamber. For a certain pH electrode, the proportionality factor is 60 mV/pH.

A preamplifier is needed to interface this sensor with a variety of laboratory instruments. The output of the preamp must be 1 V when the sensor is immersed in a test solution with pH¼4 and 1.75 V when it is immersed in a solution with pH¼7. Design an amplifier to meet these requirements.