LO.7 Gull Corporation, a cash method, calendar year C corporation, was formed and began business on November 1, 2018. Gull incurred the following expenses during its first year of operations (November 1, 2018-December 31, 2018): Expenses of temporary directors and organizational meetings Fee paid to state of incorporation $21,000 3,000 11,000 Legal services for drafting the corporate charter and bylaws (not paid 19,000 Expenses for printing and sale of stock certificates until January 2019)

a. Assuming that Gull Corporation elects under 248 to expense and amortize organizational expenditures, what amount may be deducted in 2018?

b. Assume the same facts as above, except that the amount paid for the legal services was $28,000 (instead of $19,000). What amount may be deducted as organizational expenditures in 2018?