For each of the following scenarios, state a good graphical method to display the data, and state the most appropriate statistical test to address the question.

a. Do whales swim past a detector with equal probability over time and independently of each other? The data are measurements of the number of whales per one-hour blocks of time.

b. Do men and women have the same probability of contracting basal carcinoma? Assume that the number of men and women in the study is very large.

c. Do men and women have the same probability of contracting basal carcinoma? Assume that the number of men and women in the study is quite small.

d. Leafcutter ants cut pieces of leaves and carry them back to their nest.

Sometimes small ants called minims will ride on the leaves carried by other workers. Do minims occur on the leaves independently and with equal probability? The data are the number of minims on a sample of leaves.

e. Is the proportion of patients developing a skin rash within two weeks of treatment the same between patients taking a new drug and patients taking a placebo? Assume that 20% of patients overall get a rash and that there are 100 patients in each treatment group.

f. Each person in a sample is independently presented with two cookies that are prepared identically, except that one includes trans fats while the other is made with a healthier alternative. Is there a preference in the population of people for one or the other type of cookie? The data are the numbers of people preferring each type of cookie.

g. Does the frequency of cases of leukemia in a small town differ from the known national average?