a. A decision by an appeals court affirming the trial court.

b. A decision by an appeals court reversing a trial court.

c. A theory of jurisprudence insisting that the law is what the sovereign says it is.

d. A theory of law requiring that current cases be decided based on earlier decisions.

e. A theory of law requiring that current cases be decided by a majority vote of the judges.

As you know, the correct answer is “c.”

The next question demands that the student spot the issue of law involved (foreseeability)

and correctly apply it to the facts provided.