The following misstatements are included in the accounting records of the Joyce Manufacturing Company:
1. A shipment to a customer was not billed because of the loss of the bill of lading.
2. A sales invoice was miscalculated by $1,000 as a result of a key-entry mistake.
3. Cash paid on accounts receivable that had been prelisted by a secretary was stolen by the bookkeeper who records cash receipts and accounts receivable. He failed to record the transactions.
4. A material sale was recorded on the last day of the year even though the goods were not shipped until 3 days later.
5. Merchandise was shipped to a customer, but no bill of lading was prepared. Because billings are prepared from bills of lading, the customer was not billed.
6. A sale to a residential customer was unintentionally classified as a commercial sale.
7. The shipping clerk included several additional valuable items to a shipment that were not included in the customer's order and were not invoiced to the customer.
The shipping clerk has an arrangement with the customer to share the proceeds from sales of the additional items shipped.
8. Cash paid on accounts receivable was stolen by the mail clerk when the mail was opened.

Required
a. Identify whether each misstatement is an error or fraud.
b. For each misstatement, list one or more controls that should have prevented it from occurring on a continuing basis.
c. For each misstatement, identify evidence the auditor can use to uncover it.