The observer-participant relationship is an important consideration in the design of observational studies. What kind of relationship would you recommend in each of the following cases?
(a) Observations of professional conduct in the classroom by the student author of a course evaluation guide.
(b) Observation of retail shoppers by a researcher who is interested in determining customer purchase time by type of good purchased.
(c) Observation of a focus group interview by client.
(d) Effectiveness of individual farmworker organizers in their efforts to organize employees of grape growers.