The state of California passed a statute making it illegal to sell or rent violent video games to minors. Prohibited games included those in which players could kill, maim, dismember, or sexually assault an image of a human being in a manner that a reasonable person would find "appeals to a deviant or morbid interest of minors" that is "patently offensive to prevailing standards in the community as to what is suitable to minors for minors" and "causes the game, as a whole, to lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value for minors." The penalty for violating the act is a civil fine of up to $1,000. An association of video game and software firms challenged the law as violative of the First Amendment rights. The Federal District Court concluded that the Act violated the First Amendment and permanently enjoined its enforcement. The Ninth Circuit affirmed. How do you think the U.S Supreme Court ruled on the final appeal and why? Brown, Governor of California v. Entertainment Merchants Association, 131 S. Ct. 2729 (2011).