Use the components of Victor H. Vroom's Expectancy Theory to discuss the following examples:
Monica would like to be a star basketball player. She has been observing the coach and it seems to her that the coach spends the most time with those players who try hardest to excel. It also seems that those players who get the most attention from the coach tend to develop into the best players.
Tom wants to be considered for promotion to area manager. The people who have been promoted in the recent past all have had close relationships with the regional manager. The regional manager seems to develop closer relationships with top producers. Tom believes that if he works very hard, he could become a top producer.
What factors in these examples are high valence, high instrumentality, and high expectancy? What does Expectancy Theory say are the high probability behaviors for Monica and Tom?