Vision published a book about its founder, Victor Niles, which includes biographical information about Niles and the history of the founding of the Vision hotel chain. The book is offered for sale in Vision’s hotel gift shops. Vision has discovered that an author has published a very unflattering book about Niles, which includes biographical information about Niles and information about Niles’s founding of the hotel chain. Some of the information is identical to that in Vision’s book. Additionally, Vision has discovered that a competitor is using the “tune” or melody of one of Vision’s featured television advertisements to promote its own hotel chain. Finally, an economist has published a poem in the New Yorker featuring Vision’s character Vee and mocking Vision and its hotels as greedy corporate exploiters of labor.

Activities. Discuss whether these three incidents constitute copyright infringement and what defenses the alleged infringers are likely to assert.