What is Apoptosis? Define extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with the role of death receptor and mitochondria. Describe the role of either mitochondria (caspases) or Bcl-2 group proteins in Apoptosis.
Define Angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, Invasion and Metastasis. Describe VEGF and Angiopoietins in angiogenesis. Show the roles of pericytes and endothelial cells in the angiogenesis. What is the difference between angiogenesis in normal and malignant tissues? How angiogenesis play crucial role in invasion and metastasis?
How invasion may be compared with wound healing? Both wound healing and invasion require cell movement, which require adhesion receptors. Name four classes of adhesion receptors and then show the signaling steps for one of these receptors initiate cell movement and division. Show the steps connecting invasion and metastasis.
What is malignant transformation or transition of cells? If uncontrolled cell division is monologue then, it requires a dialogue with other cells to become an invasive cancer. Describe interplay between cancer cells, ECM and stoma cells contribute to metastasis. What is EMT and how does it play a major role in invasion? Also identify one evidence argues against this role.
Draw and describe the structure of a chromosome showing location of telomeres. Add a short description of a telomere with enzymes specifically located here. I talked about loss of explicative capacity of primary fibroblasts follow multiple passages in culture. What is the reason for loss of replication in primary cells in culture? How does it relate to telomere? How Rib and p53 play an important role here?
How metric and p53 double knockout induce genetic instability but not apoptosis? Describe how dysfunctional telomere induced genetic instability may promote epithelial transformation.