You show participants a picture of a person either smiling, frowning, or smirking. For each, they indicate whether the person was happy or sad.
(a) What are the factor(s) and level(s) in this design, and
(b) What is the dependent variable?
(c) How will you analyze the results?
(d) What potential flaw is built into the study in terms of the statistical errors we may make?
(e) When would this flaw be a concern?
(f) How can you eliminate the flaw?