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financial management
Questions and Answers of
Financial Management
Telford Engineers plc, a medium-sized manufacturer of automobile components, has decided to modernise its factory by introducing a number of robots. These will cost £20million and will reduce
Rashford plc intends to raise £45 million to launch an advertising campaign for a new product. To raise this amount, its senior management team has decided that a loan for a one-year period should
Can you think of a reason why a business may prefer a floating charge rather than a fixed charge on its assets?
Would you expect the returns from loans to be higher or lower than those from preference shares?
What factors might a business take into account when deciding between preference shares and loans as a means of raising new finance? Try to think of at least two.
Does it really matter if the loan notes of a business are downgraded to a lower category?
Why do you think the value of fixed-interest loan notes will rise and fall with rises and falls in interest rates?
Under what circumstances will the holders of share warrants exercise their option to buy?
What action might managers have to take in order to meet the borrowing commitments?
Can you think of circumstances where managers may welcome the opportunity to take on higher gearing?
Some high-street retailers may well regret sale-and-leaseback arrangements made in earlier years. Can you think why?
What advantages do you see, from both a buyer and supplier perspective, of drawing up a bill of exchange?
Why do you think the service charge for factoring is higher than for invoice discounting?
Rusli Ltd provides a car valet service for car-hire businesses when their cars are returned from hire. Details of the service costs are as follows:Sales revenue is £10 million a year and is all on
Why shouldn’t the managers simply release any inside information to the market to allow the share price to rise and so make it possible to issue shares at a fair price? Try to think of one reason.
Comment on each of the following statements.(a) A stock market that is efficient in the strong form is one in which investors cannot make any gains from their investment.(b) Private-equity firms
Could listed businesses also benefit by the Stock Exchange making it easier for investors to sell their securities? If so, how?
UK private-equity firms have been criticised for the low level of funding invested in business start-ups by comparison with the levels invested by their US counterparts. Can you think of possible
Consider each of the following.1. An investor expects to make abnormal gains on her stock market investments by analysing published annual reports, relevant newspaper articles, industry reports and
How would you define the ‘true worth’ of a share?
Explain the role that investment analysts and investors play in creating an efficient stock market. Can you see a paradox in their behaviour?
Provide two reasons why:(a) Tax incentives may have only limited value in stimulating greater investment by business angels.(b) Business angels can be an attractive source of finance to
Can you explain why the relationship between the various forms of market efficiency described above should be the case?
The board of directors of Beton Ltd are considering the use of private equity finance to help fund the next stage of development. What should the board take into consideration before going down this
Thermia Ltd is a family-owned business that produces packaged foods for supermarkets. The family has recently lost interest in the business and has indicated a willingness to sell. The senior
Dornier plc is a large civil engineering business that is listed on the Stock Exchange. On 1 May it received a confidential letter stating that it had won a large building contract from an overseas
If share prices follow a random pattern, does this not mean that the market is acting in an irrational (and inefficient) manner?
Why might managers who accept that the market is efficient, at least in the semi-strong form, be justified in delaying the issue of new shares until what they believe will be a more appropriate time?
Can you suggest why, in the UK, April may provide better returns than other months of the year?
What consequences may arise from investors displaying irrational behaviour when buying and selling shares?
Can you think of at least two advantages of syndication for a business angel?
What other motive may a business angel have for contributing to the business?
Riphean plc and Silurian plc are two businesses operating in different industries. They are both financed by a mixture of ordinary share and loan capital and both are seeking to derive the cost of
What adverse consequences might result from incorrectly calculating the cost of capital?
Hackney Wholesalers plc is about to embark on an expansion programme that will have a significant impact on the size and nature of the business in forthcoming years. As at 31 July Year 6, the
Portby Potassium plc began issuing a dividend at the end of the first year of trading. The first dividend paid was 10 pence per share. Dividends grew steadily each year and, by the end of the fifth
The valuation approach above takes into account the expected dividend stream over the whole life of the business. Is this relevant for an investor who holds a share for a particular period of time
Celtor plc is a property development business operating in the London area. The business has the following capital structure as at 30 November Year 9:The ordinary shares have a current market value
How might excessively high levels of borrowing adversely affect the ability of managers to run the business?
Lim Associates plc issues £20 million loan capital on which it pays an annual rate of interest of 10 per cent on the nominal value. The issue price of the loan capital is £88 per £100 nominal
Kowloon Investments plc has ordinary shares in issue with a current market value of £2.20. The annual dividend per share in future years is expected to be 40p. What is the cost of the ordinary
One study mentioned in the chapter found, amongst other things, that businesses often based their target capital structures on statement of financial position values rather than on market values.
Danton plc has 10 million ordinary shares in issue with a current market value of £2.00 per share. The expected dividend for next year is 16p per share and this is expected to grow each year at a
Avalon plc has ordinary shares in issue that have a current market price of £1.50. The dividend expected for next year is 20p per share and future dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate
Consider each of the following:Mallard plc issues loan capital with a nominal value of 100 million at a price of 90 per 100 nominal value. The annual interest rate is 10 per cent of the nominal
Can you think why returns from government bonds can be used as an approximation for the risk-free rate?
Averna plc is a research-based engineering business that has recently developed an electric scooter operated by solar batteries. The technology employed is highly sophisticated and so the scooter is
Can you recall the difference between the two types of risk?
Ndovu plc is considering investing in a new project and, in the past, it would have used a cost of capital of 10 per cent as the discount rate to assess new projects. This rate had been calculated by
Would it be better to hold shares with a beta value of more than 1.0 or less than 1.0 when stock market prices are generally:(a) Rising(b) Falling?
Lansbury plc has recently obtained a measure of its beta from a business information agency. The beta value obtained is 1.2. The expected returns to the market for the next period is 10 per cent and
Tan and Co plc has irredeemable loan capital outstanding on which it pays an annual rate of interest of 10 per cent. The current market value of the loan capital is £88 per £100 nominal value and
Iordanova plc has 12 per cent irredeemable preference shares in issue with a nominal (par) value of £1. The shares have a current market price of £0.90 (excluding dividends). What is the cost of
Under what circumstances would the use of WACC still be suitable? Try to think of at least one.
Sandarajan plc has recently obtained a listing on the Stock Exchange. The business operates a chain of supermarkets and was the subject of a management buyout five years ago.Since the buyout, the
Why might investors interpret an announcement to increase borrowing as an indication of managers’ confidence in the future?
What are the arguments for and against issuing a scrip dividend rather than a cash dividend?
Why do you think the law imposes limits on the amount that can be distributed as dividends?
Suppose that Merton plc (see Example9.1) replaces the £30m paid out as dividends by an issue of shares to new shareholders. Show the statement of financial position after the new issue and
Bio-tech Ltd, a private limited company, started trading in Year 1 and made a trading profit of £200,000 in this year. In Year 2, the business made a trading loss of £150,000 but made a profit on
It was mentioned in the chapter that the catering effect has been cited as a possible explanation as to why dividends seem to appear and then disappear from the financial landscape. Can you think of
Why might an increase in the dividend (D1) not lead to an increase in share price (P0)? (Think of the other variables in the equation.)
Gamma plc recently announced a dividend increase of 10 per cent. Can you think of threereasons why this announcement might be greeted with disappointment by shareholders?
There is one situation where even MM would accept that ‘a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush’ (that is, that immediate dividends are preferable). Can you think what it is? (Think of the
Traminer plc provides software solutions for the airline industry. At present, shares in the business are held by the senior managers and by a venture capital business. However, Traminer plc intends
What kind of costs may be borne by shareholders who invest in high dividend payout businesses?
To what extent is catering theory consistent with MM theory?
Why would managers use dividends as a means of conveying information about the business’s prospects? Why not simply issue a statement to shareholders? Try to think of at least one reason why
What role might dividends play in helping shareholders avoid these costs?
Often, shareholders are given the choice as to whether they wish to receive dividends in the form of cash or new shares. How might a business benefit by offering its shareholders this choice?
How can lenders go about restricting shareholders’ rights to dividends?
Williams Wholesalers Ltd currently asks its credit customers to pay by the end of the month after the month of delivery. In practice, customers take rather longer to pay – on average 70 days. Sales
What kinds of changes in the business environment might lead to a decision to change the level of investment in working capital? Try to identify three possible changes that could affect the working
Why might smaller businesses carry more excess working capital than larger ones? Try to think of at least one reason.
Hora plc holds inventories of a particular type of motor car tyre, which is ordered in batches of 1,200 units. The supply lead times and usage rates for the tyres are:The business wishes to avoid the
An electrical wholesaler sells a particular type of light switch. The annual demand for the light switch is 10,400 units and the lead time for orders is four weeks. Demand for the light switch is
Goliath plc is a food wholesaler. The most recent financial statements of the business are as follows:All sales and purchases are made on credit.The business is considering whether to grant extended
HLA Ltd sells 2,000 bags of cement each year. It has been estimated that the cost of holding one bag of cement for a year is £4. The cost of placing an order for new inventories is estimated at
Superlec plc makes electrical appliances. One of its major component suppliers is Technicalities Ltd. The two businesses have recently established a comprehensive JIT relationship.Would you expect
Try to identify at least three types of cost that may be incurred when adopting an ERP inventories’ management application.
In practice, there is always the danger that a customer may be slow to pay and yet may still take the discount offered. Where the customer is important to the business, it may be difficult to insist
Try to think of four possible factors that might influence the amount of cash that a business holds.
Why might a supplier prefer a customer to take a period of credit rather than pay for the goods or services on delivery? (There are probably two reasons.)
Romeo plc produced the following statement of financial position at the end of the third year of trading:An analysis of the underlying records reveals the following:1. R&D costs relating to the
Assume the same facts as in Activity 10.4. However, we are also told that the business maintains buffer inventories of 300 units. At what level should the business reorder?Data from Activity 10.4An
What are the conventional methods of measuring shareholder returns?
Advocates of the shareholder value approach argue that, by delivering consistent and sustainable improvements in shareholder value, a business will benefit several stakeholder groups. The performance
How might the directors’ attitude towards risk be affected by the business offering them share options?
Can you think why NPV analysis should also be relevant when considering the business as a whole?
Aquarius plc has estimated the following free cash flows for its five-year planning period:Required:How might it be possible to check the accuracy of these figures? What internal and external sources
Ceres plc is a large conglomerate which, following a recent strategic review, has decided to sell its agricultural foodstuffs division. The managers of this operating division believe that it could
Devonian plc has the following long-term capital structure as at 30 November Year 4:The business has no long-term loans.In the year to 30 November Year 4, the operating profit (profit before interest
If the net present value of future cash flows generated by the business represents the value of the business as a whole, how can we derive that part of the value of the business that is available to
Should managers take changes in the total market value of the shares (that is, share price × number of shares issued) over time as an indicator of shareholder value created (or lost)? Why?
Aries plc was recently formed and issued 80 million £0.50 shares at nominal value and loan capital of £24 million. The business used the proceeds from the capital issues to purchase the remaining
Libra plc has an estimated terminal value (representing cash flows beyond the planning horizon) of £100 million. What is the present value of this figure assuming a discount rate of 12 per cent and
It has been argued that many businesses are overcapitalised. If this is true, what may be the reasons for businesses having too much capital and how can EVA® help avoid this problem?
Virgo plc is considering introducing a system of EVA® and wants its managers to focus on the longer term rather than simply focus on the year-to-year EVA® results. The business is seeking your
Can you think of another simplifying assumption that may be used to help calculate the terminal value?
Leo plc is considering entering a new market. A new product has been developed at a cost of £5 million and is now ready for production. The market is growing and estimates from the finance
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