­1. If Rasputin was really mad, then he deceived Czar Nicholas II. Rasputin was not really mad. Therefore, he did not deceive Czar Nicholas II.

2. Everything that runs has feet. The Columbia River runs very swiftly. Therefore, the Columbia River has feet.

3. All people who believe we create our own reality are people who lack social responsibility. All people governed by selfish motives are people who lack social responsibility. Therefore, all people who believe we create our own reality are people governed by selfish motives.

­4. The ship of state is like a ship at sea. No sailor is ever allowed to protest orders from the captain. For the same reason, no citizen should ever be allowed to protest presidential policies.

5. Renowned violinist Pinchas Zukerman has said, “When it comes to vodka, Smirnoff plays second fiddle to none.” We must therefore conclude that Smirnoff is the best vodka available.

6. If the Chinese government systematically kills its unwanted orphans, then the Chinese government is immoral. The Chinese government is indeed immoral. Therefore, the Chinese government systematically kills its unwanted orphans.

­7. Sarah Jessica Parker, Ben Affleck, and Julia Roberts are Democrats. Therefore, it must be the case that all Hollywood stars are Democrats.

8. Mark Zuckerberg, cofounder of Facebook, argues in favor of opening up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. But consider this: Zuckerberg is just a moneygrubbing capitalist who only cares about inflating his already bloated bank account. Clearly his arguments are ridiculous.

9. If plastic guns are sold to the public, then terrorists will carry them aboard airliners undetected. If plastic guns are sold to the public, then airline hijackings will increase. Therefore, if terrorists carry plastic guns aboard airliners undetected, then airline hijackings will increase.

­10. Some corporate mergers are arrangements that produce layoffs. Some arrangements that produce layoffs are social catastrophes. Therefore, some corporate mergers are social catastrophes.

Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies.