A particular university includes a capstone course in its MBA program which all graduating students take and covers an overview of topics for their degree. The following contingency table shows the number of students from three different concentrations along with the grade they received in the capstone course.

a. Perform a hypothesis test to determine if the concentration of the students and the grade they received in the capstone course are independent variables using α = 0.01.

b. Determine the p-value for the chi-square test statistic using Excel and interpret its meaning.

c. Verify your results using p-value.

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Grade Concentration Management 0 2010 Marketing Finance A B 30 40 30 0 20 40