A steel piston ring has a mean diameter of 70 mm, a radial height h = 4.5 mm, and a thickness b = 3 mm. The ring is assembled using an expansion tool that separates the split ends a distance δ by applying a force F as shown. Use Castigliano€™s theorem and determine the force F needed to expand the split ends a distance δ = 1mm.

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h =4.5 mm