Begin with the same setup as in Example 21.4, except that now it is one year earlier,
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Begin with the same setup as in Example 21.4, except that now it is one year earlier, and Drugco is deciding whether to proceed with Phase II trials. Phase II trials will take one year and cost $50M. Following the Phase II trials, Drugco will learn some information about efficacy, denoted as Et, with Et ~ T[0, 80, 40], and about alternative efficacy denoted as At ~ T[50, 80, 50]. If, after learning this information, Drugco decides to go forward with Phase III trials, then everything is identical to Example 21.4, except that now the efficacy after Phase III trials is distributed as E ~ N[Et, 20], and alternative efficacy is distributed as A ~ T[At, At + 50, At]. All risks are technical risks, so all bets are zero and the appropriate discount rate is the riskfree rate of 5 percent.
(a) For what values of Et should Drugco continue on to Phase III trials?
(b) What is the NPV of Newdrug at the beginning of Phase II trials?
Discount Rate Depending upon the context, the discount rate has two different definitions and usages. First, the discount rate refers to the interest rate charged to the commercial banks and other financial institutions for the loans they take from the Federal...
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Set up the Phase III effiicancy abnd alternative effiicacy as dynamic assumptions that rely on Phase II results in cells B9 and B10 Experiment with di...View the full answer
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NPV stands for \"Net Present Value,\" which is a financial concept used to determine the value of an investment or project. It measures the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a given period of time, using a specific discount rate.
To calculate the NPV of an investment, you need to first estimate the cash inflows and outflows associated with the investment, and then discount them back to their present values using a discount rate. The discount rate represents the cost of capital or the expected rate of return required by investors.
The formula for calculating NPV is:
NPV = sum of (cash inflows / (1 + discount rate)^t) - sum of (cash outflows / (1 + discount rate)^t)
Where:
Cash inflows: the expected cash received from the investment
Cash outflows: the expected cash paid out for the investment
Discount rate: the required rate of return or the cost of capital
t: the time period in which the cash flow occurs
If the NPV is positive, it means that the investment is expected to generate a return higher than the required rate of return or the cost of capital, and it may be considered a good investment. If the NPV is negative, it means that the investment is not expected to generate a return higher than the required rate of return or the cost of capital, and it may be considered a bad investment.
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