Campbell, an Australian citizen, was employed in the construction of health care facilities and schools in Afghanistan. The projects were funded by a U.S. government agency that extends financial and technical assistance to foreign countries to support U.S. foreign policy objectives. Campbell was on a panel that selected subcontractors to work on projects. The U.S. government alleged that Campbell demanded and received a cash payment in return for granting $14 million worth of work to a subcontractor. The money had been paid by an undercover federal investigator in Kabul, Afghanistan, posing as an agent of the subcontractor. Campbell was indicted in the United States for bribery (18 U.S.C. Sec. 666), arrested in India several months later, and brought to the United States for prosecution. Campbell moved for dismissal claiming that his prosecution was barred because the events occurred outside the United States, he is not an American citizen, prosecution would violate his due process rights, and his prosecution would violate international customary law.
1. If Congress did not state in the statute that it applied outside the United States, how did the court arrive at its conclusion.
2. What is meant by the "Bowman Exception?"