For each of the following independent scenarios, determine whether Van Allen Corporation is a principal or an agent for purposes of applying the 5-step revenue recognition model.
1. Van Allen is a broker facilitating the sale of goods and will receive a commission of 10% of the purchase price, which will be withheld from the proceeds at the closing of the transaction and paid to Van Allen.
2. Van Allen is an art dealer. It displays artists' works in its gallery and sells the works at prices determined by the artists. When a piece sells, Van Allen remits to the artist the sales proceeds less a fee, which is the greater of 15% of the purchase price or $300.
3. Van Allen is an art dealer. Van Allen pays a "base purchase price" to the artist for each piece it acquires. It displays the artists' works in its gallery and sells the works at prices it negotiates with customers. When a piece sells, Van Allen remits an additional payment to the artist if the sales proceeds exceed three times the original base purchase price. The additional payment is 25% of the amount by which the sales proceeds exceed the base purchase price.