In making the “adjustments” necessary to arrive at accumulated taxable income, which of the following items should be added (+), should be subtracted (–), or have no effect (NE) on taxable income?

a. Corporate income tax incurred and paid.

b. A nontaxable stock dividend distributed by the corporation to its shareholders.

c. Charitable contributions paid in the amount of 10% of taxable income.

d. The dividends received deduction.

e. Deduction of an NOL carried over from a prior year.