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mathematics
statistics

Questions and Answers of Statistics

Researchers wanted to determine if there was an association between daily coffee consumption and the occurrence of skin cancer. The researchers looked at 93,676 women enrolled in the Women’s Health
Researchers Christelle Delmas and associates wanted to determine if having a television (TV) in the bedroom is associated with obesity. The researchers administered a questionnaire to 379
Penny Gordon-Larson and her associate wanted to determine whether young couples who marry or cohabitate are more likely to gain weight than those who stay single. The researchers followed 8000 men
Write a summary of the following opinion. The opinion was posted at abcnews.com. Include the type of study conducted, possible lurking variables, and conclusions. What is the message of the author of
Reread the article in Problem 55 from Section 1.1. What type of observational study does this appear to be? Name some lurking variables that the researchers accounted for.
The following abstract appears in The New England Journal of Medicine: BACKGROUND. The relation between passive smoking and lung cancer is of great public health importance. Some previous studies
What is random sampling? Why is it used and how does it compare with convenience sampling?
As part of a college literature course, students must select three classic works of literature from the provided list and complete critical book reviews for each selected work. Obtain a simple random
A coach must select two players to serve as captains at the beginning of a soccer match. He has 10 players on his team and, to be fair, wants to randomly select 2 players to be the captains. Obtain a
A student entering a doctoral program in educational psychology is required to select two courses from the list of courses provided as part of his or her program.EPR 616, Research in Child
Merit Badge Requirements To complete the Citizenship in the World merit badge, one must select TWO of the following organizations and describe their role in the world. 1. The United Nations 2. The
A small community college employs 87 full-time faculty members. To gain the faculty’s opinions about an upcoming building project, the college president wishes to obtain a simple random sample that
The same community college from Problem 9 has 7656 students currently enrolled in classes. To gain the students’ opinions about an upcoming building project, the college president wishes to obtain
The table on the following page lists the 50 states.(a) Obtain a simple random sample of size 10 using Table I in Appendix A, a graphing calculator, or computer software.(b) Obtain a second simple
The following table lists the 44 presidents of the United States.(a) Obtain a simple random sample of size 8 using Table I in Appendix A, a graphing calculator, or computer software.(b) Obtain a
Suppose you are the president of the student government. You wish to conduct a survey to determine the student body’s opinion regarding student services. The administration provides you with a list
Suppose the mayor of Justice, Illinois, asks you to poll the residents of the village. The mayor provides you with a list of the names and phone numbers of the 5832 residents of the village. (a)
The Future Government Club wants to sponsor a panel discussion on the upcoming national election. The club wants four of its members to lead the panel discussion. Obtain a simple random sample of
The owner of a private food store is concerned about employee morale. She decides to survey the employees to see if she can learn about work environment and job satisfaction. Obtain a simple random
A salesperson obtained a systematic sample of size 20 from a list of 500 clients. To do so, he randomly selected a number from 1 of 25, obtaining the number 16. He included in the sample the 16th
A quality-control expert wishes to obtain a cluster sample by selecting 10 of 795 clusters. She numbers the clusters from 1 to 795. Using Table I from Appendix A, she closes her eyes and drops a
The Future Government Club wants to sponsor a panel discussion on the upcoming national election. The club wants to have four of its members lead the panel discussion. To be fair, however, the panel
The owner of a private food store is concerned about employee morale. She decides to survey the managers and hourly employees to see if she can learn about work environment and job satisfaction. From
The human resource department at a certain company wants to conduct a survey regarding worker morale. The department has an alphabetical list of all 4502 employees at the company and wants to conduct
To predict the outcome of a county election, a newspaper obtains a list of all 945,035 registered voters in the county and wants to conduct a systematic sample. (a) Determine k if the sample size is
The mathematics department at a university wishes to administer a survey to a sample of students taking college algebra. The department is offering 32 sections of college algebra, similar in class
A school board at a local community college is considering raising the student services fees. The board wants to obtain the opinion of the student body before proceeding. Design a sampling method to
A marketing executive for Coca-Cola, Inc., wants to identify television shows that people in the Boston area who typically drink Coke are watching. The executive has a list of all households in the
Suppose a political strategist wants to get a sense of how American adults aged 18 years or older feel about health care and health insurance. (a) In a political poll, what would be a good frame to
What is random sampling? Why is it necessary for a sample to be obtained randomly rather than conveniently? Will randomness guarantee that a sample will provide accurate information about the
What is a closed question? What is an open question? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type of question.
What is bias? Name the three sources of bias and provide an example of each. How can a census have bias?
Distinguish between nonsampling error and sampling error.
A retail store manager wants to conduct a study regarding the shopping habits of his customers. He selects the ﬁrst 60 customers who enter his store on a Saturday morning. The survey has bias.
The village of Oak Lawn wishes to conduct a study regarding the income level of households within the village. The village manager selects 10 homes in the southwest corner of the village and sends an
An antigun advocate wants to estimate the percentage of people who favor stricter gun laws. He conducts a nationwide survey of 1203 randomly selected adults 18 years old and older. The interviewer
Suppose you are conducting a survey regarding the sleeping habits of students. From a list of registered students, you obtain a simple random sample of 150 students. One survey question is “How
A polling organization conduct s a study to estimate the percentage of households that speaks a foreign language as the primary language. It mails a questionnaire to 1023 randomly selected households
A newspaper article reported, “The Cosmopolitan magazine survey of more than 5000 Australian women aged 18–34 found about 42 percent considered themselves overweight or obese.” The survey has
A health teacher wishes to do research on the weight of college students. She obtains the weights for all the students in her 9 a.m. class by looking at their driver’s licenses or state IDs. The
A magazine is conducting a study on the effects of inﬁdelity in a marriage. The editors randomly select 400 women whose husbands were unfaithful and ask, “Do you believe a marriage can survive
A textbook publisher wants to determine what percentage of college professors either require or recommend that their students purchase textbook packages with supplemental materials, such as study
To determine the public’s opinion of the police department, the police chief obtains a cluster sample of 15 census tracts within his jurisdiction and samples all households in the randomly selected
Delivery Format The General Social Survey asked, “About how often did you have sex in the past 12 months?” About 47% of respondents indicated they had sex at least once a week. In a Web survey
Order of the Questions Consider the following two questions: (a) Do you believe that the government should or should not be allowed to prohibit individuals from expressing their religious beliefs at
Many polls use random digit dialing (RDD) to obtain a sample, which means a computer randomly generates phone numbers of landlines. What is the frame for this type of sampling? Who would be excluded
How do you think caller ID has affected phone surveys?
In the state of California, speed limits are established through trafﬁc engineering surveys. One aspect of the survey is for city ofﬁcials to measure the speed of vehicles on a particular road.
Why is a high response rate desired? How would a low response rate affect survey results?
Suppose a survey asks, “Do you own any CDs?” Explain how this could be interpreted in more than one way. Suggest a way in which the question could be improved.
Discuss a possible advantage of offering rewards or incentives to increase response rates. Are there any disadvantages?
Deﬁne the following:(a) Experimental unit(b) Treatment(c) Response variable(d) Factor(e) Placebo(f ) Confounding
Researchers conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures experiment to compare the effectiveness of a commercial caffeinated carbohydrate–electrolyte sports drink with a
To determine if topiramate is a safe and effective treatment for alcohol dependence, researchers conducted a 14-week trial of 371 men and women aged 18 to 65 years diagnosed with alcohol dependence.
A school psychologist wants to test the effectiveness of a new method for teaching reading. She recruits 500 ﬁrst-grade students in District 203 and randomly divides them into two groups. Group 1
A pharmaceutical company has developed an experimental drug meant to relieve symptoms associated with the common cold. The company identiﬁes 300 adult males 25 to 29 years old who have a common
An ad for Crest Whitestrips Premium claims that the strips will whiten teeth in 7 days and the results will last for 12 months. A researcher who wishes to test this claim studies 20 sets of identical
Jack D. Edinger and associates wanted to test the effectiveness of a new cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared with both an older behavioral treatment and a placebo therapy for treating
Researchers wanted to compare the effectiveness and safety of an extract of St. John’s wort with placebo in outpatients with major depression. To do this, they recruited 200 adult outpatients
Researchers wanted to evaluate whether ginkgo, an over-the-counter herb marketed as enhancing memory, improves memory in elderly adults as measured by objective tests. To do this, they recruited 98
Researchers wanted to determine whether the stomach shrinks as a result of dieting. To do this, they randomly divided 23 obese patients into two groups. The 14 individuals in the experimental group
Professor Andy Neill wanted to determine if the reaction time of people differs in their dominant hand versus their nondominant hand. To do this, he recruited 15 students. Each student was asked to
A local golf pro wanted to compare two styles of golf club. One golf club had a graphite shaft and the other had the latest style of steel shaft. It is a common belief that graphite shafts allow a
A pharmaceutical company wants to test the effectiveness of an experimental drug meant to reduce high cholesterol. The researcher at the pharmaceutical company has decided to test the effectiveness
A researcher has recruited 20 volunteers to participate in a study. The researcher wishes to measure the effect of alcohol on an individual’s reaction time. The 20 volunteers are randomly divided
Researchers wish to know if there is a link between hypertension (high blood pressure) and consumption of salt. Past studies have indicated that the consumption of fruits and vegetables offsets the
Suppose you want to perform an experiment whose goal is to determine whether people prefer Coke or Pepsi. Design an experiment that utilizes the completely randomized design. Design an experiment
In an attempt to identify ecologically friendly methods for controlling mosquito populations, researchers conducted ﬁeld experiments in India where aquatic nymphs of the dragonﬂy Brachytron
What is the role of randomization in a designed experiment? If you were conducting a completely randomized design with three treatments and 90 experimental units, describe how you would randomly
Harris Interactive conducted a poll of U.S. adults in which the survey participants were asked, €œWhen there is a voiceover in a commercial, which type of voice is more likely to sell me a
The following frequency distribution represents the cause of death in homicides for the year 2009.Type of Weapon …….....................................
The following frequency distribution represents the number of live births (in thousands) in the United States in 2008 by age of mother. Age of Mother (years) ………
A sample of 100 randomly selected registered voters in the city of Naperville was asked their political afï¬liation: Democrat (D), Republican (R), or Independent (I). The results of
A random sample of 60 couples married for 7 years were asked to give the number of children they have. The results of the survey are as follows:.(a) Construct a frequency distribution of the data.(b)
The table shows the home ownership rate in each of the 50 states and Washington, DC, in 2009.With a ï¬rst class of 40 and a class width of 5:(a) Construct a frequency distribution.(b)
The following data represent the diameter (in inches) of a random sample of 34 Keebler Chips Deluxeâ„¢ Chocolate Chip Cookies.(a) Construct a frequency distribution.(b) Construct a relative
The following data represent the average number of hours per week that a random sample of 40 college students spend online.The data are based on the ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and
The side-by-side bar graph on the next page shows the average grade point average for the years 1991€“1992, 1996€“1997, 2001€“2002, and 2006€“2007 for colleges
The following data represent the percentage of total adjusted gross income (AGI) earned by various income classes. The top 1% represents the percentage of total AGI earned by those whose income is
In 2009 the average earnings of a high school graduate were $32,272. At $62,394, the average earnings of a recipient of a bachelor’s degree were about 93% higher.(a) Construct a misleading graph
The following graphic is a USA Today-type graph displaying women€™s preference for shoes.(a) Which type of shoe is preferred the most? The least? (b) How is the graph misleading?
Harris Interactive conducted a poll of U.S. adults in which the survey participants were asked, €œWhen there is a voiceover in a commercial, which type of voice is more likely to sell me a
The following frequency distribution represents the cause of death in homicides for the year 2009.Type of Weapon .......................................FrequencyFirearms ................9146Knives or
The following frequency distribution represents the number of live births (in thousands) in the United States in 2008 by age of mother.Age of Mother (years) ...Births (thousands)10–14..........
A sample of 100 randomly selected registered voters in the city of Naperville was asked their political afï¬liation: Democrat (D), Republican (R), or Independent (I). The results of
A random sample of 60 couples married for 7 years were asked to give the number of children they have. The results of the survey are as follows:.(a) Construct a frequency distribution of the data.(b)
The table shows the home ownership rate in each of the 50 states and Washington, DC, in 2009.With a ï¬rst class of 40 and a class width of 5:(a) Construct a frequency distribution.(b) Construct a
The following data represent the diameter (in inches) of a random sample of 34 Keebler Chips Deluxeâ„¢ Chocolate Chip Cookies.(a) Construct a frequency distribution.(b) Construct a relative
The following data represent the average number of hours per week that a random sample of 40 college students spend online.The data are based on the ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and
The side-by-side bar graph on the next page shows the average grade point average for the years 1991€“1992, 1996€“1997, 2001€“2002, and 2006€“2007 for colleges
The following data represent the percentage of total adjusted gross income (AGI) earned by various income classes. The top 1% represents the percentage of total AGI earned by those whose income is
In 2009 the average earnings of a high school graduate were $32,272. At $62,394, the average earnings of a recipient of a bachelor’s degree were about 93% higher. (a) Construct a misleading graph
The following graphic is a USA Today-type graph displaying women€™s preference for shoes.(a) Which type of shoe is preferred the most? The least? (b) How is the graph misleading?
The following graph shows the country represented by the champion of the men€™s singles competition at the Wimbledon Tennis Championship from 1968 (when professional players were
A random sample of 1005 adult Americans was asked, “How would you prefer to pay for new road construction?” Results of the survey are below.Response .....FrequencyNew tolls .....412Increase gas
The Metra Train Company was interested in knowing the educational background of its customers. The company contracted a marketing ï¬rm to conduct a survey with a random sample of 50 commuters at
The following data represent the number of cars that arrived at a McDonaldâ€™s drive-through between 11:50 a.m. and 12:00 noon each Wednesday for the past 50 weeks:(a) Construct a frequency
Dr. Paul Oswiecmiski randomly selects 40 of his 20- to 29-year-old patients and obtains the following data regarding their serum HDL cholesterol:(a) Construct a frequency distribution.(b) Construct a
The following data represent the time (in minutes) students spent working their Section 1.1 homework from Sullivan€™s College Algebra course (based on time logged into MyMathLab). Draw a
The following data are based on a study conducted by the Pew Research Center, which shows birth rates and per capita income (in thousands of 2008 dollars) from 2000 through 2008. Draw a time series

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