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physics
mechanics

Questions and Answers of Mechanics

When a gas is taken from a to c along the curved path in Fig. 15-24, the work done by the gas is W = - 35 J and the heat added to the gas is Q = - 175 J. Along path abc, the work done by the gas is W
Calculate the average metabolic rate of a 65-kg person who sleeps 8.0 h, sits at a desk 6.0 h, engages in light activity 6.0 h, watches TV 2.0 h, plays tennis 1.5 h, and runs 0.50 h daily
(a) How much energy is transformed by a typical 65-kg person who runs at 15 km/h for 30 min/day in one week (Table 15-2)?(b) How many food calories would the person have to eat to make up for this
A heat engine exhausts 8200 J of heat while performing 2600 J of useful work. What is the efficiency of this engine?
What is the maximum efficiency of a heat engine whose operating temperatures are 560°C and 345°C?
The exhaust temperature of a heat engine is 230°C.What is the high temperature if the Carnot efficiency is 34%?
A heat engine does 9200 J of work per cycle while absorbing 25.0 kcal of heat from a high-temperature reservoir. What is the efficiency of this engine?
A heat engine's high temperature TH could be ambient temperature, because liquid nitrogen at 77 K TL could be and is cheap. What would be the efficiency of a Carnot engine that made use of heat
Which will improve the efficiency of a Carnot engine more: a 10 C° increase in the high-temperature reservoir, or a 10 C° decrease in the low-temperature reservoir? Give detailed results. Can you
A certain power plant puts out 580 MW of electric power. Estimate the heat discharged per second, assuming that the plant has an efficiency of 32%.
A nuclear power plant operates at 65% of its maximum theoretical (Carnot) efficiency between temperatures of 660°C and 330°C. If the plant produces electric energy at the rate of 1.4GW, how much
A Carnot engine's operating temperatures are 210°C and 45°C. The engine's power output is 910W. Calculate the rate of heat output.
Sketch a PV diagram of the following process: 2.5 L of ideal gas at atmospheric pressure is cooled at constant pressure to a volume of 1.0 L, and then expanded isothermally back to 2.5 L, whereupon
A heat engine uses a heat source at 580°C and has an ideal (Carnot) efficiency of 22%. To increase the ideal efficiency to 42%, what must be the temperature of the heat source?
A typical compact car experiences a total drag force of about 350 N at 55mi/h. If this car gets 32 miles per gallon of gasoline at this speed, and a liter of gasoline (1 gal = 3.8 L) releases about
If an ideal refrigerator keeps its contents at 2.5°C when the house temperature is 22°C, what is its COP?
The low temperature of a freezer cooling coil is - 8°C and the discharge temperature is 33°C. What is the maximum theoretical coefficient of performance?
What is the temperature inside an ideal refrigerator freezer that operates with a COP = 7.0 in a 22°C room?
A heat pump is used to keep a house warm at 22°C. How much work is required of the pump to deliver 3100 J of heat into the house if the outdoor temperature is?(a) 0°C,(b) -15°C Assume a COP of
(a) What is the coefficient of performance of an ideal heat pump that extracts heat from 6°C air outside and deposits heat inside a house at 24°C? (b) If this heat pump operates on 1200 W of
How much less per year would it cost a family to operate a heat pump that has a coefficient of performance of 2.9 than an electric heater that costs $2000 to heat their home for a year? If the
What is the change in entropy of 320 g of steam at 100°C when it is condensed to water at 100°C?
A gas is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a light frictionless piston and maintained at atmospheric pressure. When 254 kcal of heat is added to the gas, the volume is observed to increase slowly
1.0 kg of water is heated from 0°C to 100°C. Estimate the change in entropy of the water.
A 5.8-kg box having an initial speed of 4.0 m/s slides along a rough table and comes to rest. Estimate the total change in entropy of the universe. Assume all objects are at room temperature (293 K).
If 1.00 m3 of water at 0°C is frozen and cooled to - 8.0°C by being in contact with a great deal of ice at - 8.0°C, estimate the total change in entropy of the process.
An aluminum rod conducts 8.40cal/s from a heat source maintained at 225°C to a large body of water at 22°C. Calculate the rate at which entropy increases in this process.
1.0 kg of water at 35°C is mixed with 1.0 kg of water at 45°C in a well-insulated container. Estimate the net change in entropy of the system.
A real heat engine working between heat reservoirs at 970 K and 650 K produces 550 J of work per cycle for a heat input of 2500 J.(a) Compare the efficiency of this real engine to that of an ideal
A bowl contains many red, orange, and green jelly beans, in equal numbers. You are to make a line of 3 jelly beans by randomly taking 3 beans from the bowl.(a) Construct a table showing the number of
Energy may be stored by pumping water to a high reservoir when demand is low and then releasing it to drive turbines during peak demand. Suppose water is pumped to a lake 115 m above the turbines at
Water is stored in an artificial lake created by a dam (Fig. 15-27). The water depth is 48 m at the dam, and a steady flow rate of 32 m3/s is maintained through hydroelectric turbines installed near
When 5.80 × 105 J of heat is added to a gas enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a light frictionless piston maintained at atmospheric pressure, the volume is observed to increase from 1.9 m3 to 4.1
A restaurant refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 4.6. If the temperature in the kitchen outside the refrigerator is 32°C, what is the lowest temperature that could be obtained inside
A particular car does work at the rate of about 7.0 kJ /s when traveling at a steady 21.8 m/s along a level road. This is the work done against friction. The car can travel 17 km on 1.0 L of gasoline
The pressure in an ideal gas is cut in half slowly, while being kept in a container with rigid walls. In the process, 465 kJ of heat left the gas. (a) How much work was done during this process?
The pressure in an ideal gas is cut in half slowly, while being kept in a container with rigid walls. In the process, 465 kJ of heat left the gas. (a) How much work was done during this process?
A "Carnot" refrigerator (the reverse of a Carnot engine) absorbs heat from the freezer compartment at a temperature of - 17°C and exhausts it into the room at 25°C. (a) How much work would the
Refrigeration units can be rated in "tons." A 1-ton air conditioning system can remove sufficient energy to freeze 1 ton (2000 pounds = 909 kg) of 0°C water into 0°C ice in one 24-h day. If, on a
Two 1100-kg cars are traveling 85 km/h in opposite directions when they collide and are brought to rest. Estimate the change in entropy of the universe as a result of this collision. Assume T = 20°C.
A 110-g insulated aluminum cup at 35°C is filled with 150 g of water at 45°C. After a few minutes, equilibrium is reached. (a) Determine the final temperature, (b) Estimate the total change in
The burning of gasoline in a car releases about 3.0 × 104 kcal/gal. If a car averages 41 km/gal when driving which requires 25 hp, what is the efficiency of the engine under those conditions?
A Carnot engine operates with TL = 20°C and has an efficiency of 25%. By how many kelvins should the high operating temperature TH be increased to achieve an efficiency of 35%?
A 38% efficient power plant puts out 850 MW of electrical power. Cooling towers take away the exhaust heat.(a) If the air temperature is allowed to rise 7.0 C°, estimate what volume of air (km3) is
In an engine, an almost ideal gas is compressed adiabatically to half its volume. In doing so, 2630 J of work is done on the gas. (a) How much heat flows into or out of the gas? (b) What is the
Suppose a power plant delivers energy at 880 MW using steam turbines. The steam goes into the turbines superheated at 625 K and deposits its unused heat in river water at 285 K. Assume that the
An ideal monatomic gas is contained in a tall cylindrical jar of cross-sectional area 0.080 m2 fitted with an airtight frictionless 0.15-kg movable piston. When the gas is heated (at constant
(a) At a steam power plant, steam engines work in pairs, the heat output of the first one being the approximate heat input of the second. The operating temperatures of the first are 750°C and
Suppose a heat pump has a stationary bicycle attachment that allows you to provide the work instead of using an electrical wall outlet. If your heat pump has a coefficient of performance of 2.0 and
An ideal air conditioner keeps the temperature inside a room at 21°C when the outside temperature is 32°C. If 4.8 kW of power enters a room through the windows in the form of direct radiation from
An ideal heat pump is used to maintain the inside temperature of a house at Tin = 22◦C when the outside temperature is Tout. Assume that when it is operating, the heat pump does work at a rate of
An ideal gas expands at a constant total pressure of 3.0 atm from 410 mL to 690 mL. Heat then flows out of the gas at constant volume, and the pressure and temperature are allowed to drop until the
8.5 moles of an ideal monatomic gas expand adiabatically, performing 8300 J of work in the process. What is the change in temperature of the gas during this expansion?
What happens to the internal energy of water vapor in the air that condenses on the outside of a cold glass of water? Is work done or heat exchanged? Explain in detail.
A dehumidifier removes water vapor from air and has been referred to as a "refrigerator with an open door." The humid air is pulled in by a fan and passes over a cold coil, whose temperature is less
The balloon in Fig. 16-48 was rubbed on a student's hair. Explain why the water drip curves instead of falling vertically.Fig.16-48
1. Q1 = -0.10µC is located at the origin. Q2 = +0.10µ is located on the positive x axis at x = 1.0m.Which of the following is true of the force on Q1 due to Q2?(a) It is attractive and directed in
1. Figure 16-50 shows electric field lines due to a point charge. What can you say about the field at point 1 compared with the field at point 2?(a) The field at point 2 is larger, because point 2 is
1. As an object acquires a positive charge, its mass usually(a) Decreases.(b) Increases.(c) Stays the same.(d) Becomes negative.2. Refer to Fig. 16-32d. If the two charged plates were moved until
1. We wish to determine the electric field at a point near a positively charged metal sphere (a good conductor).We do so by bringing a small positive test charge q0, to this point and measure the
To be safe during a lightning storm, it is best to be (a) In the middle of a grassy meadow. (b) Inside a metal car. (c) Next to a tall tree in a forest. (d) Inside a wooden building. (e) On a metal
Which vector best represents the direction of the electric field at the fourth corner of the square due to the three charges shown in Fig. 16-51?
1. Which are the worst places in MisConceptual Question? In questions to be safe during a lightning storm, it is best to be (a) In the middle of a grassy meadow. (b) Inside a metal car. (c) Next to a
A charge of 6.15 mC is placed at each corner of a square 0.100 m on a side. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force on each charge.
Two small nonconducting spheres have a total charge of 90.0µC. (a) When placed 28.0 cm apart, the force each exerts on the other is 12.0 N and is repulsive. What is the charge on each? (b) What if
Two charges, - Q and - 3Q, are a distance ℓ apart. These two charges are free to move but do not because there is a third (fixed) charge nearby. What must be the magnitude of the third charge and
Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric force on an electron in a uniform electric field of strength 2460 N/C that points due east.
How many elecrons make up a charge of -48.0µC?
Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field 21.7 cm directly above an isolated 33.0 × 10-6 C charge.
A downward electric force of 6.4 N is exerted on a -7.3 µC charge. Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the position of this charge.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field at a point midway between a -8.0µC and a + 5.8 µC charge 6.0 cm apart. Assume no other charges are nearby.
An electron is released from rest in a uniform electric field and accelerates to the north at a rate of 105 m/s2. Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field.
The electric field midway between two equal but opposite point charges is 386N/C and the distance between the charges is 16.0 cm. What is the magnitude of the charge on each?
Calculate the electric field at one corner of a square 1.22 m on a side if the other three corners are occupied by 3.25 × 10-6C charges.
What is the magnitude of the force a +25µC charge exerts on a +2.5mC charge 16 cm away?
Calculate the electric field at the center of a square 42.5 cm on a side if one corner is occupied by a -38.6 µC charge and the other three are occupied by -27.0 µC charges.
Two point charges, Q1 = -32 ÂµC and Q2 = +45 ÂµC. are separated by a distance of 12 cm. The electric field at the point P (see Fig. 16-57) is zero. How far from Q1 is P?Figure 16-57
Determine the electric field EÌ… at the origin 0 in Fig. 16-58 due to the two charges at A and B.Figure 16-58
Use Coulomb's law to determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field at points A and B in Fig. 16-60 due to the two positive charges (Q = 4.7 ÂµC) shown. Are your results consistent
A cube of side 8.50 cm is placed in a uniform field E = 7.50 × 103 N/C with edges parallel to the field lines. (a) What is the net flux through the cube? (b) What is the flux through each of its
The electric field between two parallel square metal plates is 130 N/C. The plates are 0.85 m on a side and are separated by 3.0 cm. What is the charge on each plate (assume equal and opposite)?
The field just outside a 3.50-cm-radius metal ball is 3.75 × 102 N/C and points toward the ball. What charge resides on the ball?
Given that the human body is mostly made of water, estimate the total amount of positive charge in a 75-kg person.
A 3.0-g copper penny has a net positive charge of 32µC. What fraction of its electrons has it lost?
In a simple model of the hydrogen atom, the electron revolves in a circular orbit around the proton with a speed of 2.2 × 106 m/s. Determine the radius of the electron's orbit.
A positive point charge Q1 = 2.5 × 10-5C is fixed at the origin of coordinates, and a negative point charge Q2 = -5.0 × 10-6C is fixed to the x axis at x = +2.4m. Find the location of the place(s)
Two point charges, Q1 = -6.7µC and Q2 = 1.8µC, are located between two oppositely charged parallel plates, as shown in Fig. 16-65. The two charges are separated by a distance of x =
For an experiment, a colleague of yours says he smeared toner particles uniformly over the surface of a sphere 1.0 m in diameter and then measured an electric field of 5000 N/C near its surface.(a)
Two charged dust particles exert a force of 4.2 × 10-2 Non each other. What will be the force if they are moved so they are only one-eighth as far apart?
An electron with speed v0 = 5.32 × 106 m/s is traveling parallel to an electric field of magnitude E = 9.45 × 103 N/C. (a) How far will the electron travel before it stops? (b) How much time will
What is the total charge of all the electrons in a 25-kg bar of aluminum? (Aluminum has 13 electrons per atom and an atomic mass of 27 u.)
A mole of carbon contains 7.22 × 1024 electrons. Two electrically neutral carbon spheres, each containing 1 mole of carbon, are separated by 15.0 cm (center to center). What fraction of electrons
Two small charged spheres are 6.52 cm apart. They are moved, and the force each exerts on the other is found to have tripled. How far apart are they now?
A person scuffing her feet on a wool rug on a dry day accumulates a net charge of -28µC. How many excess electrons does she get, and by how much does her mass increase?
Four equal positive point charges, each of charge 6.4µC, are at the corners of a square of side 9.2 cm. What charge should be placed at the center of the square so that all charges are at
Suppose electrons enter a uniform electric field midway between two plates at an angle Î¸0 to the horizontal, as shown in Fig. 16-70. The path is symmetrical, so they leave at the same angle Î¸0
What experimental observations mentioned in the text rule out the possibility that the numerator in Coulomb's law contains the sum (Q1 + Q2) rather than the product Q1Q2?
Near the surface of the Earth, there is a downward electric field of 150 N/C and a downward gravitational field of 9.8N/kg. A charged 1.0-kg mass is observed to fall with acceleration 8.0m/s2. What
Identical negative charges (Q = -e) are located at two of the three vertices of an equilateral triangle. The length of a side of the triangle is ℓ. What is the magnitude of the net electric field
A conducting sphere carries a charge Q and a second identical conducting sphere is neutral. The two are initially isolated, but then they are placed in contact. (a) What can you say about the

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