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physics
oscillations mechanical waves

Questions and Answers of Oscillations Mechanical Waves

If the distance from a point source is tripled, by what factor does the intensity decrease?
The Tunguska Event on June 30, 1908, a meteor burned up and exploded in the atmosphere above the Tunguska River valley in Siberia. It knocked down trees over thousands of square kilometers and
Explain how the Doppler effect with microwaves is used to determine the speed of an automobile.
Explain what happens to the frequency of the echo of your car horn as you move in a vehicle toward the wall of a canyon. What happens to the frequency as you move away from the wall?
Of the following sounds, which is most likely to have a sound level of 60 dB: a rock concert, the turning of a page in this textbook, normal conversation, or a cheering crowd at a football game?
Estimate the decibel level of each of the sounds in the previous question.
A binary star system consists of two stars revolving about their common center of mass. If we observe the light reaching us from one of these stars as it makes one complete revolution, what does the
How can an object move with respect to an observer so that the sound from it is not shifted in frequency?
Suppose the wind blows. Does this cause a Doppler effect for sound propagating through the air? Is it like a moving source or a moving observer?
Why is it not possible to use sonar (sound waves) to determine the speed of an object traveling faster than the speed of sound?
Why is it so quiet after a snowfall?
Why is the intensity of an echo less than that of the original sound?
A loudspeaker built into the exterior wall of an airplane produces a large-amplitude burst of vibration at 200 Hz, then a burst at 300 Hz, and then a burst at 400 Hz (Boop . . . baap . . . beep), all
In several cases, a nearby star has been found to have a large planet orbiting about it, although the planet could not be seen. Using the ideas of a system rotating about its center of mass and of
Does the phenomenon of wave interference apply only to sinusoidal waves?
As oppositely moving pulses of the same shape (one upward, one downward) on a string pass through each other, there is one instant at which the string shows no displacement from the equilibrium
Can two pulses traveling in opposite directions on the same string reflect from each other? Explain.
When two waves interfere, can the amplitude of the resultant wave be greater than either of the two original waves? Under what conditions?
For certain positions of the movable section shown in Figure 18.5, no sound is detected at the receiver—a situation corresponding to destructive interference. This suggests that energy is somehow
When two waves interfere constructively or destructively, is there any gain or loss in energy? Explain.
A standing wave is set up on a string, as shown in Figure 18.10. Explain why no energy is transmitted along the string.
What limits the amplitude of motion of a real vibrating system that is driven at one of its resonant frequencies?
Explain why your voice seems to sound better than usual when you sing in the shower.
What is the purpose of the slide on a trombone or of the valves on a trumpet?
Explain why all harmonics are present in an organ pipe open at both ends, but only odd harmonics are present in a pipe closed at one end.
Explain how a musical instrument such as a piano may be adjusted by using the phenomenon of beats.
Explain how a musical instrument such as a piano may be tuned by using the phenomenon of beats.
When a bell is rung, standing waves are set up around the bell’s circumference. What boundary conditions must be satisfied by the resonant wavelengths? How does a crack in the bell, such as in the
An archer shoots an arrow from a bow. Does the string of the bow exhibit standing waves after the arrow leaves? If so, and if the bow is perfectly symmetric so that the arrow leaves from the center
Despite a reasonably steady hand, a person often spills his coffee when carrying it to his seat. Discuss resonance as a possible cause of this difficulty, and devise a means for solving the problem.
An airplane mechanic notices that the sound from a twin-engine aircraft rapidly varies in loudness when both engines are running. What could be causing this variation from loud to soft?
When the base of a vibrating tuning fork is placed against a chalkboard, the sound that it emits becomes louder. This is because the vibrations of the tuning fork are transmitted to the chalkboard.
If you wet your finger and lightly run it around the rim of a fine wineglass, a high-frequency sound is heard. Why? How could you produce various musical notes with a set of wineglasses, each of
If you inhale helium from a balloon and do your best to speak normally, your voice will have a comical quacky quality. Explain why this “Donald Duck effect” happens. Caution: Helium is an
You have a standard tuning fork whose frequency is 262 Hz and a second tuning fork with an unknown frequency. When you tap both of them on the heel of one of your sneakers, you hear beats with a
Give some examples of everyday vibrating objects. Which exhibit SHM, at least approximately?
Is the acceleration of a simple harmonic oscillator ever zero? If so where?
Explain why the motion of a piston in an automobile engine is approximately simple harmonic?
Real springs have mass. Will the true period and frequency be larger or smaller than given by the equations for a mass oscillating on the end of an idealized mass less spring? Explain
How could you double the maximum speed of a simple harmonic oscillator (SHO)?
A 5.0-kg trout is attached to the book of a vertical spring scale, and then is released. Describe the scale reading as a function of time.
If a pendulum clock is accurate at sea level, will it gain or lose time when taken to high altitude? Why?
A tire swing hanging form a branch reaches nearly to the ground (Fig. 11-48). How could you estimate the height of the branch using only a stopwatch?
Why can you make water slosh back and forth in a pan only if you shake the pan at a certain frequency?
Give several everyday examples of resonance.
Is a rattle in a car ever a resonance phenomenon? Explain.
Is the frequency of a simple periodic wave equal to the frequency of its source? Why or why not?
Explain the difference between the speed of a transverse wave traveling down a cord and the speed of a tiny piece of the cord.
Why do the strings used for the lowest-frequency notes on a piano normally have wire wrapped around them?
What kind of waves do you think will travel down a horizontal metal rod if you strike its end?(a) Vertically from above and (b) Horizontally parallel to its length?
Since the density of air decreases with an increase in temperature, but the bulk modulus B is nearly independent of temperature, how would you expect the speed of sound waves in air to vary with
Give two reasons why circular water waves decrease in amplitude as they travel away from the source?
Two linear waves have the same amplitude and speed, and otherwise are identical, except one has half the wavelength of the other. Which transmits more energy? By what factor?
When a sinusoidal wave crosses the boundary between two sections of cord as in Fig. 11-33 the frequency does not change (although the wavelength and velocity do change). Explain why.
If a string is vibrating in three segments, are there any places you could touch it with a knife blade without disturbing the motion?
When standing wave exists on a string the vibrations of incident and reflected waves cancel at the nodes. Does this mean that energy was destroyed? Explain.
If we knew that energy was being transmitted from one place to another, how might we determine whether the energy was being carried by particles (material bodies) or by waves?
If a particle undergoes SHM with amplitude 0.18m, what is the total distance it travels in one period?
An elastic cord is 65 cm long when a weight of 75 N hangs from it but is 85 cm long when a weight of 180N hangs from it. What is the “spring” constant k of this elastic cord?
The springs of a 1500-kg car compress 5.0 when its 68-kg driver gets into the driver’s seat. If the car goes over a bump, what will be the frequency of vibration?
A fisherman’s scale stretches 3.6 cm when a 2.7-kg fish hangs from it.(a) What is the spring stiffness constant and(b) What will be the amplitude and frequency of vibration if the fish is pulled
An elastic cord vibrates with a frequency of 3.0Hz when a mass of 0.60 kg is hung from it. What is its frequency if only 0.38 kg hangs from it?
Construct a Table indicating the position x of the mass if Fig. 11-2 at times t = 0, ¼ T, ½ T, T, and 5/2 T, where T is the period of oscillation. On a graph of x vs, t plot these six points now
A small fly of mass 0.25 g is caught in a spider’s web. The web vibrates predominately with a frequency of 4.0 Hz.(a) What is the value of the effective spring stiffness constant k for the web?(b)
A mass m at the end of a spring vibrates with a frequency of 0.88 Hz. When an additional 680-g mass is added to m, the frequency is 0.60Hz. What is the valued of m?
A 0.60-kg mass at the end of a spring vibrates 3.0 times per second with and amplitude of 0.13m. Determine (a) The velocity when it passes the equilibrium point,(b) The velocity when it is 0.10 m
At what displacement from equilibrium is the speed of a SHO half the maximum value?
A mass attached to the end of a spring is stretched a distance xo from equilibrium and released. At distance from equilibrium will it have acceleration equal to half its maximum acceleration?
A mass of 2.62 kg stretches a vertical spring 0.315m. If the spring is stretched an additional 0.130m and released, how long does it take to reach the (new) equilibrium position again?
An object with mass 3.0 kg is attached to a spring with spring stiffness constant k = 280N/m and is executing simple harmonic motion. When the object is executing simple harmonic motion, it is moving
It takes a force of 80.0N to compress the spring of a toy popgun 0.200m to “load” a 0.180-kg ball. With what speed will the ball leave the gun?
A mass sitting on a horizontal, frictionless surface is attached to one end of a spring; the other end is fixed to a wall. 3.0J of work is required to compress the spring by 0.12 m. If the mass is
(a) The amplitude, (b) The frequency,(c) The total energy, and (d) The kinetic energy and potential energies when x = 0.30m.
At what displacement from equilibrium is the energy of a SHO half KE and half PE?
If one vibration has 7.0 times the energy of a second, but their frequencies and masses are the same, what is the ratio of their amplitudes?
A 2.00-kg pumpkin oscillates from a vertically hanging light spring once every 0.65s.(a) Write down equation giving the pumpkin’s position y (+ upward) as a function of time t, assuming it started
A block of mass m is supported by two identical parallel vertical springs, each with spring stiffness constant k (Fig. 11-49). What will be the frequency of vibration?
A 300-g mass vibrates according to the equation x = 0.38 sin 6.50 t, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine (a) The amplitude, (b) The frequency, (c) The period,(d) The total energy,
Figure 11-50 shows two examples of SHM. Labeled A and B. For each, what is(a) The amplitude,(b) The frequency, and(c) The period?(d) Write the equations for both A and B in the form of a sine or
At t = 0, a 755-g mass at rest on the end of a horizontal spring (k = 124 N/m) is struck by a hammer, which gives the mass an initial speed of 2.96m/s. Determine (a) The period and frequency of the
A vertical spring with spring stiffness constant 305 N/m vibrates with an amplitude of 28.0cm when 0.260kg hangs from it. The mass passes through the equilibrium point (y = 0) with positive velocity
A mass m is connected to two springs, with spring stiffness constants k1 and k2, as shown in Fig. 11-51. Ignore friction. Show that the period is give by
A 25.0-g bullet strikes a 0.600-kg block attached to a fixed horizontal spring whose spring stiffness constant is 7.70 X 103 N/m. The block is set into vibration with and amplitude of 21.5cm. What
A bungee jumper with mass 65.0 kg jumps from a high bridge. After reaching his lowest point, he oscillates up and down, hitting a low point eight more times in 38.0s. he finally comes to rest 25.0m
A pendulum makes 36 vibrations in exactly 60s. What is its (a) Period, and (b) Frequency?
How long must a simple pendulum be if it is to make exactly one swing per second? (That is, one complete vibration takes exactly 2.0s)
A pendulum has a period of 0.80s on Earth. What is its period on Mars, where the acceleration of gravity is about 0.37 that on Earth?
What is the period of a simple pendulum 80 cm long (a) On the Earth, and (b) When it is in a freely falling elevator?
The length of a simple pendulum is 0.760m, the pendulum bob has a mass of 365 grams, and it is released at an angle of 12.0o to the vertical(a) With what frequency does it vibrate? Assume SHM.(b)
Your grandfather clock’s pendulum has a length of 0.9930m. If the clock loses half a minute per day, how should you adjust the length of the pendulum?
Derive a formula for the maximum speed Vmax of a simple pendulum bob in terms of g, the length L, and the angle of swing θ0.
A clock pendulum oscillates at a frequency of 2.5 Hz. At t = 0, it is released from rest starting at an angle of 15o to the vertical. Ignoring friction, what will be the position (angle) of the
A fisherman notices that wave crests pass the bow of his anchored boat every 3.0s. He measures the distance between two crests to be 6.5 m. How fast are the waves traveling?
A sound wave in air has a frequency of 262 Hz and travels with a speed of 343m/s. how far apart are the wave crests (compressions)?
(a) AM radio signals have frequencies between 550 kHz and 1600 kHz (kilohertz) and travel with a speed of 3.00 X 108 m/s. What are the wavelengths of these signals?(b) On FM, the frequencies range
Calculate the speed of longitudinal waves in (a) Water,(b) Granite, and (c) Steel.
Two solid rods have the same elastic modulus, but one is twice as dense as the other. In which rod will the speed of longitudinal waves be greater, and by what factor?
A cord of mass 0.65 kg is stretched between two supports 28m apart. If the tension in the cord is 150 N, how long will it take a pulse to travel from one support to the other?
A ski gondola is connected to the top of a hill by a steel cable of length 620 m and diameter 1.5cm. As the gondola comes to the end of its run, it bumps into the terminal and sends a wave pulse
A sailor strikes the side of his ship just below the surface of the sea. He hears the echo of the wave reflected from the ocean floor directly below 3.0 s later. How deep is the ocean at this point?

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