Researchers conducted a study to determine whether graduates with an academic background in the discipline of leadership studies were better equipped with essential soft skills required to be successful in contemporary organizations than students with no leadership education and/or students with a certificate in leadership. The Teams Skills Questionnaire was used to capture students' self-reported ratings of their soft skills. The researchers found the following:

a. Complete the ANOVA summary table.
b. At the 0.05 level of significance, is there evidence of a difference in the mean soft-skill score reported by different groups?
c. If the results in (b) indicate that it is appropriate, use the Tukey-Kramer procedure to determine which groups differ in mean soft-skill score. Discuss your findings.

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Degrees of Sum of Mean Freedom Squares Squares F 1.879 31.865 33.744 Source Among groups Within groups Total 297 299 Mean Group No coursework in leadership Certificate in leadership Degree in leadership 109 90 102 3.290 3.362 3.471