State the null hypothesis, Ho, and the alternative hypothesis, Ha, that would be used to test these claims:
a. The standard deviation has increased from its previous value of 24.
b. The standard deviation is no larger than 0.5 oz.
c. The standard deviation is not equal to 10.
d. The variance is no less than 18.
e. The variance is different from the value of 0.025, the value called for in the specs.