Since Boomer Company's inception. Madison Company has owned 18 percent of Boomer's outstanding common stock. Madison provides three key management personnel to Boomer and purchased 25 percent of Boomer's output during 20X7. Boomer is profitable. On January 2, 20X8, Madison purchased additional common stock to finance Boomer's expansion, thereby becoming a 30 percent owner. Boomer's common stock does not have a quoted market price. The stock has always been issued at its book value, which is assumed to approximate its fair value.

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a. In general, distinguish between investor-income reporting under the cost method and under the equity method. Which method is more consistent with accrual accounting? Why?

b. Prior to January 2, 20X8, what specific factors should Madison have considered in determining the appropriate method of accounting for its investment in Boomer?

c. For purposes of your answer to \(\mathbf{c}\) only, assume Madison used the cost method in accounting for its investment in Boomer prior to January 2, 20X8. Describe the book adjustments required on January 2, 20X8, when Madison became owner of 30 percent of the outstanding common stock of Boomer.